Health Issue: Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein

Health Issue of Carbohydrate

Dental Caries - Also called tooth decay. Sugar (starch too) contribute to the development of dental caries or cavities.

Plaque - Deposits of bacteria, protein, and polysaccharides that forms on the teeth that contribute to tooth decay.

Obesity - eating too many foods and beverages rich in added sugars contributes to overweight and obesity.

Diabetes -  A disorder in which the body does not metabolize carbohydrates properly due to inadequate or ineffective.

Diabetes type 2

Diabetes melitus

Hypoglyemia - A symptom in which blood sugar levels are low.

Hyperactivity in children (hyperactivity disorder) - A developmental disorder of children characterized by impulsiveness, distractibility, and hyperactivity.

Lactose intolerance - A condition caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, resulting in symptoms such as flatuence and diarhea after drinking milk or eating most diary product. 

Health Issue of Fat

Heart Disease (Myocardial infarction)

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Plaque - Deposits on arterial walls that contains cholesterol, fat, fibrous scar tissue, calcium and other biological debris.

Atherosclerosis - The most common form of artery disease, characterized by plaque build up along artery walls.

Angina - Symptoms of pressing, intense pain in the heart area, often due to stress or exertion when the heart muscle gets insufficient blood.

Stroke - Damage to brain cells resulting from s interruption of blood flow to the brain.

Health Issue of Protein

Kwashiorkor - A type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) associated with children who are getting inadequate amounts of kcalories.

Marasmus - A type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) characterized by severe insufficiency of kcalories and protein that accounts for the child's gross under-weight and wasting away of muscles.

Gastrointestinal Tract: What Happen When You Eat?

Continuos from Introduction to nutrition

Mouth: taste food, chews food, makes saliva.

Pharinx: directs food from mouth to esophagus.

Esophagus: Passes food to stomach.

Stomach: Makes enzyme that breaks down protein, makes hydrochloric acid, acts like holding tank.

Small intestine: makes enzymes, digests most food, absorbs nutrients across villi into blood and lymph.

Large intestine: Passes waste to be excreted, reabsorbs water and some minerals, absorbs vitamins made by bacteria.

Rectum: stores feces.

Anus: keeps rectum closed, opens for elimination.

Introduction to Nutrition (HTF200)

Introduction to nutrition

Why people choose the food they do??

There is many factor influence people to eat such as:

• Flavor 
• Other aspects of food (eg: cost, convenience, nutrition...) 
• Demographics (eg: age, gender, educational level, income, cultural background...) 
• Culture and religion 
• Health 
• Social and emotional influences 
• Food industry and the media 
• Enviromental concerns 

What is FLAVOR??

Flavor is an attribute of food that includes its appearance, smell, taste, feel in tehe mouth, texture, temperature, and even the sounds made when it is chewed.

What is TASTES??

Taste is sensations perceived by the taste buds on the tounge.

What is taste buds??

Taste buds is clusters of cells found on the tounge, cheeks, throat, and roof of the mouth. Each taste bud houses 0 to 100 receptor cells. The body regenerates taste buds about every three days. These cells bind food molecules dissolved in saliva and alert the brain to interprate them.

Nutrition science... Nutrition is a part of science...

What is nutrition?

Nutrition is a science that studies nutrients and other subtances in foods and in the body and the way those nutrients relate to health and disease. Nutrition also explores why you choose particular foods and the type of diet you eat.

So, how about NUTRIENT??

What is nutrient??

Nutrient is the nourishing substances in food that provide enegy and promote the growth and maintainence of your body.

There are about 50 nutrients tha can be arranged into six classes. There are:

• Carbohydrates 
• Fats (the proper name is Lipid) 
• Protein 
• Vitamins 
• Minerals 
• Water

Carbohydrate, fats, and protein was provide energy and promote growth and maintainance of our body. It also regulate body process.

However, vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide energy to our body but it can help in promote growth and body maintainance. This 3 nutrients also regulate body process.

Do you know what is KILOCALORIES?

Kilocalories is a meaure of the energy in food, specially  the energy- yielding nutrients.

The number of kilocalories we need is based in the 3 factor which is:

1. Your energy needs when your body is at rest and awake (referred as basal metabolism)
2. Your level of phyisical activity
3. The energy needed to digest and absorb food (referred as thermic effect of food)

Our basal metabolic rate (BMR) depends on the following factor:

• Gender. Men have a higher BMR than womendo because men have a higher proportion of muscle tissue. For yor information, muscle requires more enrgy for metabolism than fat does. 
• Age. As people age, they generally gain fat tissue and lose muscle tissue declines about 2% per decade after age 30 
• Growth. Chilren, pregnant women, and lactating women have higher BMRs. 
• Height. Tall people have more body surface than shorter people that lose body heat faster. So, BMR for taller people is higher than shorter people. 
• Temperature. BMR increaase in both and hot and cold enviromnent, to keep the temperature inside the body constant. 
• Fever and stress. BMR for fever and stress people is higher than normal. 
• Exercise. Execise increase the BMR for several hour afterward. 
• Smoking and caffeine. Both causes increased energy expenditure. 
• Sleep. Your BMR is at lowest when you are sleeping.

What Causes Car Accidents?

THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS OVER THE WORLD


1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, there are a lot of accidents happen on the road. The road accidents usually occur towards trailer and lorry user, bus user, car user, motorcycle user, bicycle user, and pedestrian. The highest rate of the road accidents over the world are among car user especially in festive season. During festive season, a lot of people travel using road and the traffic become busy, that lead to road accidents. 

Based on the statistics, almost 1.2 million people die because of the road accidents per year over the world (Kofi Annan, 2004). According to Deputy Health Minister of Iran, Mohammed (2004), the highest rate of road accidents is occur in Iran, which lead to 38,000 deaths and injuries over the year in 2004. During 2007 road accidents in Israel were responsible for 398 deaths and 32,805 injuries (NRSA, 2008). According to Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (2009), there is 341,242 number of accidents during 2006. In 2010, India has the highest number of road accidents which lead to 130,000 deaths annually (World Health Organization, 2010). 

There are several factors that lead to road accidents over the world. The most common causes to accidents over the world are failure of vehicle’s equipment, road layouts and driver’s behaviour.

2.0 FAILURE OF VEHICLE’S EQUIPMENT

Failure of the vehicle’s equipment contributes to the accidents (Joseph, 2010). The vehicle’s equipment include brakes, steering, tires, lamp, axle and others. Manufacturers are required by the country’s law to design and produce cars that meet a minimum safety standard. Vance (2008) states that computers, combined with companies' extensive research and development, have produced safe vehicles that are easy and safe to drive. The most cited types of equipment failure are brakes cannot function well, improper balanced tires and steering and suspension failure.

According to Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary (1987), brakes is defined as device of reducing the speed or stopping a car, bicycle, train and other vehicles. Failure to keep the brakes in the good adjustment can cause accidents. There are several types of brakes such as modern dual-circuit brake and drum braking. Modern dual-circuit brake systems means there is two side of circiut (Mika and Nassim, 2010). If one side of the circuit fails, the other side is usually insufficient to stop a vehicle and can lead to accidents. Joseph (2010) states that drum braking systems can fade when hot. This situation make the brakes cannot function well when the driver want to slow down the speed or stop the car. 

The other factor include in failure of vehicle’s equipment is improper balanced tires. Based on Yokohama Company (2003), a balanced tire is one where mass of the tire when mounted on its wheel and the car’s axle is uniformly distributed around the axle. Improper balanced tyre can lead to vibration and noise (Reynolds, 2011). When there is vibration and noise because of improper balanced tires, it can reduce the concentration of the driver and may lead to accidents. The vibration also can make the vehicle not move straightly and become crooked. The driver cannot control the vehicle and can cause accidents.

Steering and suspension failure also lead to accidents. According to Autohauz (2009), suspension keeps the tires in contact with the roadway in a stable and predictable manner. The steering enables drivers to go around road obstacles and avoid potential accidents. When steering and suspension failure, the drivers cannot control the tyre based on the direction that they want to go. For example, the driver want to turn to right, but the steering and suspension failure make he cannot turn the steering to right to make the vehicle turn to the right. This is example that lead to accidents. For example, in New Straits Times (2011), report that 4 teacher killed in the car accidents because of steering failure.

3.0 ROAD LAYOUTS.

Accidents also can cause by road designs. The road designs include the road surface, roadway identification signs, and designs of road layouts. Road surface means the durable surface material paste on an area intended to accommodate vehicles, such as a road or walkway (Kulsea, 1980). The road suface may be smooth or there are several holes on the surface. The holes can cause accidents especially large and deep hole. The driver will avoid the hole and may loss control. 

No detailed roadway identification signs also factor that cause accidents over the world. Roadway identification signs are used to enable someone without a detailed map to travel from one place to another. The signs give advance notice of intersections, destinations, hazards, route numbers, mileage estimates, street names, and points of interest (Vance, 2008). When there is no detailed of the signs, the drivers may become confused when they are driving. The drivers not ready with the roadway design when there is no signs. For example, because there is no ‘one-way’ sign, the driver just go to the street and may cause accident by clash with other car.

The other factor include in road layouts is improper design of road layouts. The authority that need to design the layout nok design it properly. Many roads have well-known blind spots, where drivers coming from one side cannot see vehicles coming from the other direction (Joseph, 2010). This can make accidents because the both vehicles will crash. Also, roads become slippery during rain and others. This can cause accidents when the weather is raining. 

4.0 DRIVER’S BEHAVIOR.

Some accidents are caused purely due to the driver's behavior. Driver’s behavior is the driver’s own mistake. The accidents occur because of him, not the other factor. The driver may have substance abuse during driving, feel sleepy and speeding because of no patient. Substance abuse is a major problem when it comes to road accidents. Both legal and illegal consumption of substances are causes of accident (Joseph, 2010). It includes consumption of alcohol, drugs, medicine and others to the extent that it impairs driver ability and reflexes. The main problem with drunk driving is the reflexes (Rossman, 2009). It can take the brain more than twice the amount of time to send messages to the limbs and so simple things like turning corners become problematic. That’s how the accidents happen.

The second factor include in driver’s behavior is feel sleepy. Drivers who are driving on a long distance trip tend to fall asleep when driving (Goh, 2009). Drivers who are crash their vehicles when falling asleep account for more than 100,000 car accidents per year in United States (National Traffic Safety Administration). When the drivers feel sleepy, they cannot concentrate on their driving. To avoid accidents due to this cause, drivers should plan several short stops during the long trip. 

Speeding and have no patients is one of the factor include in driver’s behavior. Causes of accident due to speeding may be rash driving, as in the case of joyriding youngsters, or just plain careless driving (Joseph, 2010). For example, exceeding the speed limit in bad weather conditions. Traffic engineers and local governments have determined the maximum speeds suitable for safe travel on the nation's roadways. Speeding is a purposeful and calculated behavior where the driver knows the risk but ignores the danger. By speeding, the drivers cannot control the if there is any emergency in front of them (Reynolds, 2011). For example, in BERNAMA (2011), states that 2 siblings died because they speeding during driving and try to avoid from other car in front of them.

5.0 CONCLUSION

Accidents always happen anywhere and anytime nowadays. The road consumers should alert of the equipment failure, roadway design and driver’s behavior to prevent the accidents. The rate of the death because of accidents is very high in every country over the world. By alert of the factor that can contribute to accidents over the world, the rate of the accidents can be reduce.

For failure of vehicle’s equipment, the driver or owner of the vehicle should always check and do service on their vehicle to make sure all equipment in the good condition. To prevent accidents for the road designs, the goverment responsible for the. The authority and government should do proper research and design good roadway layout. For the driver’s behaviour, the drivers should alert on their mistake and not make something that illegal such consume several substance during driving.

REFERENCES

Joseph, D. (2010). Most common causes of accidents. Motorist magazine,. 5, 6-7.

Kofi Annan. (2004, Jun 04). Iran has highest rate of fatal road accidents in the world. Payvant Iran News. Retrieved from http://www.payvand.com/news/04/apr/1034.html

Kulsea, B. (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation.

Lilah Yassin. (2011, March 31). 414,421 Road Accidents In 2010. News Straits Times, p. 8.
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Researh. (n.d). Home page. Retrieved from http://www.miros.gov.my/web/guest/national

Mika, M., & Nassim, A. (2010). Causes of road accidents as perceived by Arabs in Israel: A qualitative study. Transportation Research, 13, 377-387.

Murali, K. (2010, April 10). India has the highest number of road accidents in the world. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5519345,00.html

Oxford Advance Leaner’s Dictionary. (4th ed). (1989). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reynolds, C. (2010, December 07). Improper Tire Balancing Can Lead To Problems. Hubpages. Retrieved from http://hubpages.com/hub/Improper-Tire-Balancing-Can-Lead-To-Problems

Rossman, E. (2009, April 20). Top causes of car accidents. Hubpages. Retrieved from http://hubpages.com/hub/Texas-Automobile-Accident.

Steward, G. (2009). Major causes of road accidents. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Major-Causes-of-Road-Accidents&id=2998012

Vance, J. (2008). What causes car accidents? Retrieved from http://www.smartmotorist.com/traffic-and-safety-guideline/what-causes-car-accidents.html

Yokohama. (2003, January). Tire balance, vehicle ride and vibration. Technical Services Bulletin, 1-3.

Zulkifli Hashim. (2011, March 12). 4 trainee teachers killed in car crash. News Straits Times, p. 9.

Personal opinion on having career in hoteliers

Personal opinion on having career in hoteliers (advantage and disadvantage)

Advantages

As hotelier, if we did our job properly, we will have a chances to feel better and proud to ourself at the end of the day since we already helped people. As we know in hotel we give a service to the people. People needs our service when they come to our establishment. Then as a hoteliers we must help them no matter we are in any department. Compare to other career, they do not really got that kind of satisfaction.

If we are a chef, we will enjoy when seeing people enjoy a nice meal made by ourself. This is one of that kind of satisfaction that hoteliers can get. We will feel more satisfied when the guest like our service and become a loyal customer for the next to get the service from us.

Other than that, hoteliers also have advantage of work environment. It is important to the hoteliers to consider work environment and job duties before deciding on a career in hotel management. Some aspects of hotel work environments may be preferable while others are not. One advantage of being in a management position is independence. A manager may run daily hotel operations in any fashion he or she chooses, as long as safety and profitability are maintained. It also will leads to the good stress management practice.

Disadvantages

Despite having a certain degree of independence, there are various disadvantages to the work environment and job duties of a hotel manager. It may be difficult to conduct a wide range of activities necessary to maintain the hotel’s functioning. There is also additional pressure from the responsibility of turning a profit.

Although hotel managers are able to create their own work schedule, many times maintaining a hotel business requires working long hours. Usually, hotel’s managers are on-call. It was normally to the hoteliers to works more hours than the others career’s duration of work.

To an outsider, the job of hotel manager might looks glamorous and stressful. The manager works and lives in a location people might choose to visit. One of disadvantage to entering a career in hotel management is a need to gain necessary education and experience. Nowadays, we can see almost all upscale hotel chains require a bachelor’s or master’s degree to enter a management position.

Employment in the hotel industry also is high competition for positions. Chain hotels are using single managers for multiple properties to reduce cost on labor. However, full service hotels continue to generate significant jobs for management positions. This kind of situation minimize the opportunity of new apprentice to enter the higher position.